Patient zero is generally taken to mean the first case in a disease outbreak – but the term is often applied in different ways. When it comes to zoonotic diseases (ones that jump from animals to humans, like SARS-CoV-2), patient zero might refer to the first-ever human case – the point at which the virus spills over from an animal to a human. For the general public, however, patient zero is often used to refer to the first case in a particular region, or the first case that's come to the attention of health authorities. However, these are not always the same thing. Sometimes the first case that's notified to us is not the first case in an outbreak. Similarly, just because someone is identified as the first case doesn't mean they spread the disease to anyone else, or behaved irresponsibly – with something like coronavirus, they may not even know they're sick. This is part of the reason why patient zero is not a term epidemiologists or public health experts tend to use – it's not specific enough. They prefer the term index case to refer to the first person officials became aware of in an outbreak (which gives them a clue something's going on), and primary case to refer to the person who introduces a disease into a new population – a community, country or the world. Sometimes, the primary case and the index case will be the same person, but not always. For many outbreaks – such as HIV/AIDS, and possibly COVID-19 – we will never know the primary case. While the use of the term patient zero can be fraught, tracing outbreaks back to their beginnings remains important in public health. In the early days of an outbreak, it's still possible to catch embers of disease before they become full-blown fires. "You can actually stamp them out, by identifying every case, tracking every contact, quarantining them, making sure there's no further spread," Professor Raina Macintyre, head of biosecurity at UNSW's Kirby Institute says. But even after those critical first days or weeks, tracing cases back to patient zero can still give both health experts and relevant authorities for insights into how disease spreads and understands the role that health services and adequate sanitation systems play in controlling the spread of the disease. That's the purpose of trying to understand an index case or a first case – to establish the opportunity to learn from the breakout and try to make sure it doesn't happen again. According to the passage which statement is true about SARS-CoV-2?

Câu hỏi:

Patient zero is generally taken to mean the first case in a disease outbreak – but the term is often applied in different ways. When it comes to zoonotic diseases (ones that jump from animals to humans, like SARS-CoV-2), patient zero might refer to the first-ever human case – the point at which the virus spills over from an animal to a human. For the general public, however, patient zero is often used to refer to the first case in a particular region, or the first case that’s come to the attention of health authorities. However, these are not always the same thing. Sometimes the first case that’s notified to us is not the first case in an outbreak. Similarly, just because someone is identified as the first case doesn’t mean they spread the disease to anyone else, or behaved irresponsibly – with something like coronavirus, they may not even know they’re sick.
This is part of the reason why patient zero is not a term epidemiologists or public health experts tend to use – it’s not specific enough. They prefer the term index case to refer to the first person officials became aware of in an outbreak (which gives them a clue something’s going on), and primary case to refer to the person who introduces a disease into a new population – a community, country or the world. Sometimes, the primary case and the index case will be the same person, but not always. For many outbreaks – such as HIV/AIDS, and possibly COVID-19 – we will never know the primary case.
While the use of the term patient zero can be fraught, tracing outbreaks back to their beginnings remains important in public health. In the early days of an outbreak, it’s still possible to catch embers of disease before they become full-blown fires. “You can actually stamp them out, by identifying every case, tracking every contact, quarantining them, making sure there’s no further spread,” Professor Raina Macintyre, head of biosecurity at UNSW’s Kirby Institute says. But even after those critical first days or weeks, tracing cases back to patient zero can still give both health experts and relevant authorities for insights into how disease spreads and understands the role that health services and adequate sanitation systems play in controlling the spread of the disease. That’s the purpose of trying to understand an index case or a first case – to establish the opportunity to learn from the breakout and try to make sure it doesn’t happen again.
According to the passage which statement is true about SARS-CoV-2?

A. A disease that only appears on animals.

B. A disease that is transmitted between species.

Đáp án chính xác

C. A disease that broke out in zoos.

D. A disease that originated from humans.

Trả lời:

Theo đoạn văn, phát biểu nào về SARS-CoV-2 là đúng?
A. Là bệnh chỉ xuất hiện trên động vật.
B. Là bệnh lây truyền giữa các loài.
C. Một dịch bệnh bùng phát ở các vườn thú.
D. Là bệnh có nguồn gốc từ người.
Thông tin trong bài: When it comes to zoonotic diseases (ones that jump from animals to humans, like SARS-CoV-2), patient zero might refer to the first-ever human case – the point at which the virus spills over from an animal to a human.
Đáp án cần chọn là: B

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1. Read the message and choose the best answer. Antioxidants are substances – artificial or natural – that prevent and slow cell and tissue damage by attacking free radicals, which are molecules that have an unpaired electron. Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke. In high quantities, free radicals can cause oxidative stress, which is when the body has too many free radicals that start to destroy DNA, fatty tissue and proteins. [A] Unlike free radicals, antioxidants have extra electrons. This means that they can pass their surplus electrons to free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body's cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses. Oxidative stress has been linked with illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The best way to increase antioxidants in the body and maintain a healthy balance of free radicals is to incorporate antioxidant-rich foods into your diet. [B] The term “antioxidant” is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more. Vitamin C and vitamin E are two of the most common antioxidants found in food. In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage. Vitamin E is a powerful tool in maintaining eye health, producing hormones that regulate blood pressure and repairing muscles after exercise. Carotenoids- a class of compounds found in fruits and vegetables that are red, orange and yellow – are also well-known antioxidants. Antioxidant carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. However, taking high doses of some carotenoid supplements, such as beta-carotene. Can increase health risks, such as an increased chance of lung cancer in smokers. [C] Antioxidants are most often in fruits, vegetables and legumes, although they can be found in almost every food group. Fruits contains essential nutrients such as potassium, fibre and folate – nutrients that help maintain blood pressure, lower cholesterol and repair body tissues. Blueberries, cranberries, apples, strawberries and more are all filled with antioxidants. Dried fruits – although often high in processed sugars – have a higher antioxidant ratio than fresh fruits, since they lose mass from water. They act as quick antioxidant fuel due to their high concentration of antioxidants. Carotenoids are found in red, orange or yellow vegetables. Many green vegetables such as kale, broccoli and spinach are excellent sources of antioxidants, namely quercetin and lutein. [D] According to the passage, which of the following is true about free radicals?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   Read the message and choose the best answer.
   Antioxidants are substances – artificial or natural – that prevent and slow cell and tissue damage by attacking free radicals, which are molecules that have an unpaired electron. Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke. In high quantities, free radicals can cause oxidative stress, which is when the body has too many free radicals that start to destroy DNA, fatty tissue and proteins. [A]
   Unlike free radicals, antioxidants have extra electrons. This means that they can pass their surplus electrons to free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body’s cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses. Oxidative stress has been linked with illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The best way to increase antioxidants in the body and maintain a healthy balance of free radicals is to incorporate antioxidant-rich foods into your diet. [B]
   The term “antioxidant” is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more. Vitamin C and vitamin E are two of the most common antioxidants found in food. In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage. Vitamin E is a powerful tool in maintaining eye health, producing hormones that regulate blood pressure and repairing muscles after exercise. Carotenoids- a class of compounds found in fruits and vegetables that are red, orange and yellow – are also well-known antioxidants.
   Antioxidant carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. However, taking high doses of some carotenoid supplements, such as beta-carotene. Can increase health risks, such as an increased chance of lung cancer in smokers. [C]
   Antioxidants are most often in fruits, vegetables and legumes, although they can be found in almost every food group. Fruits contains essential nutrients such as potassium, fibre and folate – nutrients that help maintain blood pressure, lower cholesterol and repair body tissues. Blueberries, cranberries, apples, strawberries and more are all filled with antioxidants. Dried fruits – although often high in processed sugars – have a higher antioxidant ratio than fresh fruits, since they lose mass from water. They act as quick antioxidant fuel due to their high concentration of antioxidants. Carotenoids are found in red, orange or yellow vegetables. Many green vegetables such as kale, broccoli and spinach are excellent sources of antioxidants, namely quercetin and lutein. [D]
   According to the passage, which of the following is true about free radicals?

   A. They are a natural byproduct of the environment we live in.

   Đáp án chính xác

   B. They prevent and slow down damage to cells and tissues.

   C. They are artificial molecules with an unpaired electron.

   D. They are the result of unhealthy living conditions and behaviors.

   Trả lời:

   Theo đoạn văn, điều nào sau đây là đúng về gốc tự do?
   A. Chúng là sản phẩm phụ tự nhiên của môi trường chúng ta đang sống.
   B. Chúng ngăn ngừa và làm chậm quá trình tổn thương tế bào và mô.
   C. Chúng là những phân tử nhân tạo với một êlectron chưa ghép đôi.
   D. Chúng là kết quả của những điều kiện sống và hành vi không lành mạnh.
   Thông tin trong bài: Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke.
   Tạm dịch: Các gốc tự do là sản phẩm phụ tự nhiên của quá trình trao đổi chất của chúng ta và cũng được tạo ra để phản ứng với các tác nhân gây căng thẳng từ môi trường, chẳng hạn như tiếp xúc với ô nhiễm, tia X hoặc khói thuốc lá.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: A

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2. How do antioxidants protect the body?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   How do antioxidants protect the body?

   A. Their free electrons can heal damage cells and tissues.

   B. They get rid of free radicals, thus preventing cell and tissue damage.

   Đáp án chính xác

   C. They protect the body by slowing down the metabolism process.

   D. They can cure some serious illnesses such as Alzheimer and Parkinson.

   Trả lời:

   Làm thế nào để chất chống oxy hóa bảo vệ cơ thể?
   A. Các electron tự do của chúng có thể chữa lành các tế bào và mô bị tổn thương.
   B. Chúng loại bỏ các gốc tự do, do đó ngăn ngừa tổn thương tế bào và mô.
   C. Chúng bảo vệ cơ thể bằng cách làm chậm quá trình trao đổi chất.
   D. Chúng có thể chữa khỏi một số bệnh nghiêm trọng như Alzheimer và Parkinson.
   Thông tin trong bài: This means that they can pass their surplus electrons to free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body’s cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses.
   Tạm dịch: Điều này có nghĩa là chúng có thể chuyển các điện tử dư thừa của chúng cho các gốc tự do, ổn định các gốc tự do để chúng không còn có thể gây hại cho các tế bào và mô của cơ thể. Làm như vậy, chất chống oxy hóa ngăn chặn hoặc làm chậm quá trình oxy hóa, ngăn ngừa các bệnh nghiêm trọng.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: B

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3. According to paragraph 3 what can be inferred about the term “antioxidant”?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   According to paragraph 3 what can be inferred about the term “antioxidant”?

   A. people who used the term do not know its meaning.

   Đáp án chính xác

   B. It is commonly used to refer to a group of chemicals.

   C. People often do the term in a narrow sense.

   D. It is more about chemical composition rather than property.

   Trả lời:

   Theo đoạn 3, điều gì có thể suy ra về thuật ngữ “chất chống oxy hóa”?
   A. Những người đã sử dụng thuật ngữ này không biết nghĩa của nó.
   B. Nó thường được dùng để chỉ một nhóm hóa chất.
   C. Người ta thường làm thuật ngữ theo nghĩa hẹp.
   D. Nó thiên về thành phần hóa học hơn là tính chất.
   Thông tin trong bài: The term “antioxidant” is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more.
   Tạm dịch: Thuật ngữ “chất chống oxy hóa” thường được sử dụng để mô tả các loại thực phẩm khác nhau, nhưng nó mô tả chính xác hơn tính chất hóa học. Bất kỳ chất nào có thể loại bỏ các đặc tính gây hại của các gốc tự do đều được coi là chất chống oxy hóa. Các nhà nghiên cứu đã phát hiện ra hàng trăm chất phù hợp với mô tả về chất chống oxy hóa, và có lẽ còn hàng nghìn chất nữa.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: A

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4. The word "fit" is closest in meaning to________.
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   The word “fit” is closest in meaning to________.

   A. agree.

   B. fill.  

   C. match.  

   D. suit.

   Đáp án chính xác

   Trả lời:

   A. agree (v) đồng ý
   B. fill (v) làm đầy
   C. match (v) nối, kết hợp
   D. suit (v) hợp, phù hợp
   Thông tin trong bài: Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fitthe antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more.
   Tạm dịch: Các nhà nghiên cứu đã phát hiện ra hàng trăm chất phù hợp với mô tả về chất chống oxy hóa, và có lẽ còn hàng nghìn chất nữa.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: D

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5. According to the passage, which antioxidant is especially good for people who do a lot of physically demanding activities?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   According to the passage, which antioxidant is especially good for people who do a lot of physically demanding activities?

   A. Vitamin C.

   Đáp án chính xác

   B. Beta-carotene.

   C. Vitamin E.

   D. Carotenoids.

   Trả lời:

   Theo đoạn văn, chất chống oxy hóa nào đặc biệt tốt cho những người làm các hoạt động thể chất nhiều?
   A. Vitamin C.
   B. Beta-caroten.
   C. Vitamin E.
   D. Carotenoit.
   Thông tin trong bài: In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage.
   Tạm dịch: Ngoài việc chống lại các gốc tự do, vitamin C hỗ trợ hệ thống miễn dịch và giúp sửa chữa xương, răng và sụn.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: A

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