The Human Heart The human heart is an amazing organ of the human body. The heart is an organ which pumps life-giving blood throughout the body. It works together with blood and blood vessels to supply all of the needs of the cells. The heart is located in the middle of the chest and slightly to the left. It is divided into two halves and has two hollow spaces or chambers. The blood enters the atria, which is the upper chamber and is then pumped to the ventricles, two lower chambers. Blood from the ventricles goes to the lungs and to every cell in the body. [A] An artery is a blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart. A main artery may be as thick as a thumb. Blood is made up of red cells, white cells and platelets floating in a fluid called plasma. Plasma is a liquid and can easily pass through small blood vessels into cells and makes up over one-half of the blood. The plasma carries nutrients (food) from the stomach to be used as fuel for energy. Plasma also helps keep the body warm. The blood then returns to the heart through blood vessels called veins. The veins on the skin, may look blue, especially on the hands and arms. The walls of a vein are much thinner than those of an artery. Two large veins bring the blood back to the heart. One comes from the brain and the chest. The other comes from the stomach and lower body. [B] Blood doesn't flow at the same speed through all of the body. As it gets farther away from the heart, it slows down. It goes slowly when the red blood cells carrying the food and oxygen squeezethrough into the cells. [C] The heart beats or pumps every second of the day or night. It beats or pumps 100,000 times a day, every day of a person's life. Every time a heart beats or pumps out a stream of blood, this beat, called a pulse, can be felt on the inside of the wrist. The pulse rate in an adult is between sixty and one hundred beats per minute. Children's pulse rates range from ninety to one hundred twenty beats per minute. [D] In summary, the circulatory system which includes the heart, blood vessels and blood, work together to supply the cells with all the food and oxygen a body needs to maintain life. Blood is made up of red cells, white cells and platelets floating in a fluid called plasma. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry the blood back to the heart. The heart beats thousands of times a day, every day. It beats much faster in children. The human heart is an amazing organ which is part of a system of many veins, arteries, and vessels which moves blood throughout the body keeping humans alive. What is the main purpose of the heart?

Câu hỏi:

The Human Heart
The human heart is an amazing organ of the human body. The heart is an organ which pumps life-giving blood throughout the body. It works together with blood and blood vessels to supply all of the needs of the cells.
The heart is located in the middle of the chest and slightly to the left. It is divided into two halves and has two hollow spaces or chambers. The blood enters the atria, which is the upper chamber and is then pumped to the ventricles, two lower chambers. Blood from the ventricles goes to the lungs and to every cell in the body. [A]
An artery is a blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart. A main artery may be as thick as a thumb. Blood is made up of red cells, white cells and platelets floating in a fluid called plasma. Plasma is a liquid and can easily pass through small blood vessels into cells and makes up over one-half of the blood. The plasma carries nutrients (food) from the stomach to be used as fuel for energy. Plasma also helps keep the body warm.
The blood then returns to the heart through blood vessels called veins. The veins on the skin, may look blue, especially on the hands and arms. The walls of a vein are much thinner than those of an artery. Two large veins bring the blood back to the heart. One comes from the brain and the chest. The other comes from the stomach and lower body. [B]
Blood doesn’t flow at the same speed through all of the body. As it gets farther away from the heart, it slows down. It goes slowly when the red blood cells carrying the food and oxygen squeezethrough into the cells. [C]
The heart beats or pumps every second of the day or night. It beats or pumps 100,000 times a day, every day of a person’s life. Every time a heart beats or pumps out a stream of blood, this beat, called a pulse, can be felt on the inside of the wrist. The pulse rate in an adult is between sixty and one hundred beats per minute. Children’s pulse rates range from ninety to one hundred twenty beats per minute. [D]
In summary, the circulatory system which includes the heart, blood vessels and blood, work together to supply the cells with all the food and oxygen a body needs to maintain life. Blood is made up of red cells, white cells and platelets floating in a fluid called plasma. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry the blood back to the heart. The heart beats thousands of times a day, every day. It beats much faster in children. The human heart is an amazing organ which is part of a system of many veins, arteries, and vessels which moves blood throughout the body keeping humans alive.
What is the main purpose of the heart?

A.It keeps the body warm.

B. It helps the body produce plasma.

C. It sends nutrients through the blood to all parts of the body.

Đáp án chính xác

D. All of the above

Trả lời:

Mục đích chính của trái tim là gì?
A. Nó giữ ấm cho cơ thể.
B. Nó giúp cơ thể sản xuất huyết tương.
C. Nó đưa chất dinh dưỡng qua máu đến tất cả các bộ phận của cơ thể.
D. Tất cả những điều trên
Thông tin: The human heart is an amazing organ of the human body. The heart is an organ which pumps life-giving blood throughout the body. It works together with blood and blood vessels to supply all of the needs of the cells.
Tạm dịch: Trái tim con người là một cơ quan tuyệt vời của cơ thể con người. Tim là một cơ quan bơm máu đi khắp cơ thể. Nó hoạt động cùng với máu và mạch máu để cung cấp tất cả các nhu cầu của tế bào.
Đáp án cần chọn là: C

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1. Read the message and choose the best answer. Antioxidants are substances – artificial or natural – that prevent and slow cell and tissue damage by attacking free radicals, which are molecules that have an unpaired electron. Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke. In high quantities, free radicals can cause oxidative stress, which is when the body has too many free radicals that start to destroy DNA, fatty tissue and proteins. [A] Unlike free radicals, antioxidants have extra electrons. This means that they can pass their surplus electrons to free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body's cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses. Oxidative stress has been linked with illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The best way to increase antioxidants in the body and maintain a healthy balance of free radicals is to incorporate antioxidant-rich foods into your diet. [B] The term “antioxidant” is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more. Vitamin C and vitamin E are two of the most common antioxidants found in food. In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage. Vitamin E is a powerful tool in maintaining eye health, producing hormones that regulate blood pressure and repairing muscles after exercise. Carotenoids- a class of compounds found in fruits and vegetables that are red, orange and yellow – are also well-known antioxidants. Antioxidant carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. However, taking high doses of some carotenoid supplements, such as beta-carotene. Can increase health risks, such as an increased chance of lung cancer in smokers. [C] Antioxidants are most often in fruits, vegetables and legumes, although they can be found in almost every food group. Fruits contains essential nutrients such as potassium, fibre and folate – nutrients that help maintain blood pressure, lower cholesterol and repair body tissues. Blueberries, cranberries, apples, strawberries and more are all filled with antioxidants. Dried fruits – although often high in processed sugars – have a higher antioxidant ratio than fresh fruits, since they lose mass from water. They act as quick antioxidant fuel due to their high concentration of antioxidants. Carotenoids are found in red, orange or yellow vegetables. Many green vegetables such as kale, broccoli and spinach are excellent sources of antioxidants, namely quercetin and lutein. [D] According to the passage, which of the following is true about free radicals?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   Read the message and choose the best answer.
   Antioxidants are substances – artificial or natural – that prevent and slow cell and tissue damage by attacking free radicals, which are molecules that have an unpaired electron. Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke. In high quantities, free radicals can cause oxidative stress, which is when the body has too many free radicals that start to destroy DNA, fatty tissue and proteins. [A]
   Unlike free radicals, antioxidants have extra electrons. This means that they can pass their surplus electrons to free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body’s cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses. Oxidative stress has been linked with illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The best way to increase antioxidants in the body and maintain a healthy balance of free radicals is to incorporate antioxidant-rich foods into your diet. [B]
   The term “antioxidant” is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more. Vitamin C and vitamin E are two of the most common antioxidants found in food. In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage. Vitamin E is a powerful tool in maintaining eye health, producing hormones that regulate blood pressure and repairing muscles after exercise. Carotenoids- a class of compounds found in fruits and vegetables that are red, orange and yellow – are also well-known antioxidants.
   Antioxidant carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. However, taking high doses of some carotenoid supplements, such as beta-carotene. Can increase health risks, such as an increased chance of lung cancer in smokers. [C]
   Antioxidants are most often in fruits, vegetables and legumes, although they can be found in almost every food group. Fruits contains essential nutrients such as potassium, fibre and folate – nutrients that help maintain blood pressure, lower cholesterol and repair body tissues. Blueberries, cranberries, apples, strawberries and more are all filled with antioxidants. Dried fruits – although often high in processed sugars – have a higher antioxidant ratio than fresh fruits, since they lose mass from water. They act as quick antioxidant fuel due to their high concentration of antioxidants. Carotenoids are found in red, orange or yellow vegetables. Many green vegetables such as kale, broccoli and spinach are excellent sources of antioxidants, namely quercetin and lutein. [D]
   According to the passage, which of the following is true about free radicals?

   A. They are a natural byproduct of the environment we live in.

   Đáp án chính xác

   B. They prevent and slow down damage to cells and tissues.

   C. They are artificial molecules with an unpaired electron.

   D. They are the result of unhealthy living conditions and behaviors.

   Trả lời:

   Theo đoạn văn, điều nào sau đây là đúng về gốc tự do?
   A. Chúng là sản phẩm phụ tự nhiên của môi trường chúng ta đang sống.
   B. Chúng ngăn ngừa và làm chậm quá trình tổn thương tế bào và mô.
   C. Chúng là những phân tử nhân tạo với một êlectron chưa ghép đôi.
   D. Chúng là kết quả của những điều kiện sống và hành vi không lành mạnh.
   Thông tin trong bài: Free radicals are natural byproducts of our metabolism and are also generated in response to environmental stressors, such as exposure to pollution, X-rays or cigarette smoke.
   Tạm dịch: Các gốc tự do là sản phẩm phụ tự nhiên của quá trình trao đổi chất của chúng ta và cũng được tạo ra để phản ứng với các tác nhân gây căng thẳng từ môi trường, chẳng hạn như tiếp xúc với ô nhiễm, tia X hoặc khói thuốc lá.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: A

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2. How do antioxidants protect the body?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   How do antioxidants protect the body?

   A. Their free electrons can heal damage cells and tissues.

   B. They get rid of free radicals, thus preventing cell and tissue damage.

   Đáp án chính xác

   C. They protect the body by slowing down the metabolism process.

   D. They can cure some serious illnesses such as Alzheimer and Parkinson.

   Trả lời:

   Làm thế nào để chất chống oxy hóa bảo vệ cơ thể?
   A. Các electron tự do của chúng có thể chữa lành các tế bào và mô bị tổn thương.
   B. Chúng loại bỏ các gốc tự do, do đó ngăn ngừa tổn thương tế bào và mô.
   C. Chúng bảo vệ cơ thể bằng cách làm chậm quá trình trao đổi chất.
   D. Chúng có thể chữa khỏi một số bệnh nghiêm trọng như Alzheimer và Parkinson.
   Thông tin trong bài: This means that they can pass their surplus electrons to free radicals, stabilizing the free radicals so they can no longer damage the body’s cells and tissues. In doing so, antioxidants ward off or slow oxidative stress, preventing serious illnesses.
   Tạm dịch: Điều này có nghĩa là chúng có thể chuyển các điện tử dư thừa của chúng cho các gốc tự do, ổn định các gốc tự do để chúng không còn có thể gây hại cho các tế bào và mô của cơ thể. Làm như vậy, chất chống oxy hóa ngăn chặn hoặc làm chậm quá trình oxy hóa, ngăn ngừa các bệnh nghiêm trọng.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: B

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3. According to paragraph 3 what can be inferred about the term “antioxidant”?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   According to paragraph 3 what can be inferred about the term “antioxidant”?

   A. people who used the term do not know its meaning.

   Đáp án chính xác

   B. It is commonly used to refer to a group of chemicals.

   C. People often do the term in a narrow sense.

   D. It is more about chemical composition rather than property.

   Trả lời:

   Theo đoạn 3, điều gì có thể suy ra về thuật ngữ “chất chống oxy hóa”?
   A. Những người đã sử dụng thuật ngữ này không biết nghĩa của nó.
   B. Nó thường được dùng để chỉ một nhóm hóa chất.
   C. Người ta thường làm thuật ngữ theo nghĩa hẹp.
   D. Nó thiên về thành phần hóa học hơn là tính chất.
   Thông tin trong bài: The term “antioxidant” is often used to describe different foods, but it more accurately describes chemical property. Any substance that can strip free radicals of their damaging properties is considered an antioxidant. Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fit the antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more.
   Tạm dịch: Thuật ngữ “chất chống oxy hóa” thường được sử dụng để mô tả các loại thực phẩm khác nhau, nhưng nó mô tả chính xác hơn tính chất hóa học. Bất kỳ chất nào có thể loại bỏ các đặc tính gây hại của các gốc tự do đều được coi là chất chống oxy hóa. Các nhà nghiên cứu đã phát hiện ra hàng trăm chất phù hợp với mô tả về chất chống oxy hóa, và có lẽ còn hàng nghìn chất nữa.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: A

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4. The word "fit" is closest in meaning to________.
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   The word “fit” is closest in meaning to________.

   A. agree.

   B. fill.  

   C. match.  

   D. suit.

   Đáp án chính xác

   Trả lời:

   A. agree (v) đồng ý
   B. fill (v) làm đầy
   C. match (v) nối, kết hợp
   D. suit (v) hợp, phù hợp
   Thông tin trong bài: Researchers have discovered hundreds of substances that fitthe antioxidant description, and there are perhaps thousands more.
   Tạm dịch: Các nhà nghiên cứu đã phát hiện ra hàng trăm chất phù hợp với mô tả về chất chống oxy hóa, và có lẽ còn hàng nghìn chất nữa.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: D

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5. According to the passage, which antioxidant is especially good for people who do a lot of physically demanding activities?
   
   

   Câu hỏi:
   

   According to the passage, which antioxidant is especially good for people who do a lot of physically demanding activities?

   A. Vitamin C.

   Đáp án chính xác

   B. Beta-carotene.

   C. Vitamin E.

   D. Carotenoids.

   Trả lời:

   Theo đoạn văn, chất chống oxy hóa nào đặc biệt tốt cho những người làm các hoạt động thể chất nhiều?
   A. Vitamin C.
   B. Beta-caroten.
   C. Vitamin E.
   D. Carotenoit.
   Thông tin trong bài: In addition to fighting free radicals, vitamin C supports the immune system and helps repair bones, teeth and cartilage.
   Tạm dịch: Ngoài việc chống lại các gốc tự do, vitamin C hỗ trợ hệ thống miễn dịch và giúp sửa chữa xương, răng và sụn.
   Đáp án cần chọn là: A

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