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Bones support the human body. They are the structure on which the skin hangs. Without bones the body would collapse. A person could not walk or run. Bones provide both support and protection for parts of the body. In the front of the body the bony rib cage covers the chest. Underneath are the heart and lungs. The ribs are bones which protect the heart, lungs and stomach in case of injury. The skull protects the brain. The bones in the back (or spine) protect the nerves of the spinal column. [A] The bones store minerals needed by other parts of the body. When the minerals are needed, they will be released into the blood. They also form new red and white blood cells each day. New bone is still made until a person reaches the age of thirty-five. When a person gets much older, the bones start to weaken. The minerals begin to disappear from the bones. Besides storing minerals and forming blood cells, the bones work with muscles and joints. They allow movement in the body. The place where two bones come together is called a joint. The knee joint is the biggest and strongest joint in the body. Ligaments link bones together at the joints. They are very strong and can stretch. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. The muscles and tendons together allow the bones move. [B] The whole bone structure of the body is called the skeleton. The skull protects the brain, eyes, face, jaw and ears. Vertebrae make up the column of bones running down the back. Between each vertebra is a small cushion called a disk. The vertebrae are hollow. Nerves run down through the hollow parts to the whole body. Knees, hands, feet and legs all have different kinds of bones. Some of these bones can move freely. Some are bound tightly together. Arm bones are connected at the top to the collarbone and shoulder bone. They are connected at the bottom to the hand. Leg bones are attached to the spine at the top by the group of bones called the pelvis. The upper part of the leg is the thigh bone. Itforms part of the knee. The lower part of the leg is made up of two bones. They are attached to the foot at the bottom. [C] Bones are actually living cells. The bones grow and change over time. A person is born with three hundred bones. Some of these bones can join together. By the time a person becomes an adult, he will have only about two hundred and six bones. In summary, bones are a necessary part of the body. They provide protection and support for the vital organs, like the heart, brain and lungs. The bones are strong and can handle heavy weights. They allow a person to walk. They work with muscles to help the body move and stretch. [D] Which of the following bones protect the heart?

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Câu hỏi: Bones support the human body. They are the structure on which the skin hangs. Without bones the body…

Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms which usually consist of only a single cell. They do not have chlorophyll that is found in plants which allow for the production of food. If one million of the tiny bacteria were laid end-to-end, they would only measure about two inches. The word bacteria is plural, and bacteriumdescribes a single organism. An amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoekwas the first person to see bacteria and other tiny organisms under a microscope. Though tiny, they are found everywhere. Bacteria is found in the air, soil, and water, as well as inside and outside of the human body. They reproduce quickly if the conditions are right. Millions of the tiny organisms can form in a space as small as a drop of water. [A] Bacteria are usually placed in three categories depending on their shapes. The can be described a spherical (like a football), rod-like, or shaped like a spiral or corkscrew. There are also some bacteria shaped like a comma used in writing, but much smaller. There is helpful bacteria and harmful bacteria. Some can improve human life, but others can cause diseases. In addition, there are many more that simply have no effect on humans. [B] The helpful bacteria assist with the digestion of foods in several kinds of animals including cows, deer, sheep and others. The bacteria help break down some of the foods the animals eat. In humans, a bacteria called E. coli also occur in the digestive system breaking down many kinds of foods. It is responsible for producing vitamin K and certain b vitamins. [C] Other bacteria are decomposersin the food chain, which attack dead animals and break them down. They are then used as nutrients by plants. Bacteria is also part of the production of many foods eaten by people. Bacteria causes milk to become sour which helps in the production of buttermilk, cottage cheese, and yogurt. Bacteria is involved in the production of sauerkraut and vinegar too. [D] It can directly attack the tissues in a plant or animal. Sometimes fruits or vegetables become discolored due the attack by bacteria. Bacteria can also cause harm organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. One type is responsible for a disease known as tetanus, which can paralyze the muscles of a person. The condition when this occurs is called lockjaw. Finally, the worst type of food poisoning is caused by a bacterium releasing a toxin. This type of food poisoning is called botulism. There are also harmful bacteria living on the skin, but are not dangerous unless they enter the bloodstream through a cut in the skin. If E. coli, though helpful with digestion, enters the bloodstream it can cause cramping, diarrhea and maybe even death. Methods to destroy bacteria include freezing and drying during food preservation or through pasteurization, which is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time. This is how bacteria are killed during the processing of milk. In summary, bacteria are everywhere and can be harmful or helpful to humans and other organisms. Which of the following best describes Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

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Câu hỏi: Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms…

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