Part 3: Language - Grammar

1. Cấu trúc:

• Khẳng định: S + have/has + V3/ed
• Ex: Urbanisation has increased rapidly.
• Ex: Many people have moved to cities.
• Phủ định: S + have/has not (haven't/hasn't) + V3/ed
• Ex: The government hasn't solved the problem yet.
• Nghi vấn: Have/Has + S + V3/ed?
• Ex: Have you visited the new urban area?

2. Cách dùng:

• Hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, tiếp tục đến hiện tại:
• Ex: I have lived in this city for 10 years. (vẫn đang sống)
• Ex: Traffic congestion has been a problem since 2010.
• Hành động vừa mới xảy ra (just, recently, lately):
• Ex: The city has just opened a new metro line.
• Kinh nghiệm đến hiện tại (ever, never, before):
• Ex: Have you ever been to a slum area?
• Hành động đã hoàn thành, kết quả còn ở hiện tại (already, yet):
• Ex: They have already built new housing. (nhà đã xây xong)
• Ex: We haven't finished the project yet.

3. Dấu hiệu nhận biết:

• For + khoảng thời gian: for 5 years, for a long time
• Since + mốc thời gian: since 2010, since last year
• Already, yet, just, recently, lately, ever, never, before, so far, up to now

1. Cấu trúc:

• The + comparative + S + V, the + comparative + S + V
• Nghĩa: Càng... thì càng...

2. Với tính từ/trạng từ ngắn:

• The + adj/adv-er + S + V, the + adj/adv-er + S + V
• Ex: The bigger the city is, the more crowded it becomes.
• Ex: The faster urbanisation happens, the worse the problems get.

3. Với tính từ/trạng từ dài:

• The more + adj/adv + S + V, the more + adj/adv + S + V
• Ex: The more expensive housing becomes, the harder it is to afford.
• Ex: The more rapidly cities expand, the more difficult planning becomes.

4. Với danh từ:

• The more + noun + S + V, the more + noun + S + V
• Ex: The more people migrate, the more problems arise.
• Ex: The more infrastructure we build, the better life becomes.

5. Các trường hợp đặc biệt:

• good → better: The better the planning, the better the results.
• bad → worse: The worse the traffic, the more stressed people feel.
• many/much → more: The more money invested, the faster development happens.
• little → less: The less space available, the higher the prices.